
region, and specifically the Southern Neighbourhood (SN) of the European Union (EU), online users between the ages of 15 and 29 (hereafter youth) dominate in terms of social media usage (ITU, 2022; We Are Social & Meltwater, 2023), and are thus most likely to be informed on, and ready to tackle, its misuse (weaponisation) when offered sufficient training and support (Council of Europe, 2018; EC, 2022c). Practically, the weaponisation of social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, X, TikTok, Telegram, YouTube, WhatsApp), and their influence on conflict settings, is made evident through increasingly frequent and sophisticated misinformation and disinformation campaigns.
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Palestine *
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen