Algeria 
Bahrain 
Egypt 
Iran 
Iraq 
Israel 
Jordan 
Kuwait 
Lebanon 
Libya 
Morocco 
Oman 
Palestine * 
Qatar 
Saudi Arabia 
Syria 
Tunisia 
United Arab Emirates 
Yemen Empowering the fair transition in EU neighbourhood and Central Asia: Articulating climate policies with human capital development
July 31, 2026
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This ETF report evaluates the extent to which just transition principles, particularly human capital dimensions such as employment, education, and skills, are integrated into the NDCs of 25 countries across the EU Neighbourhood and Central Asia. The analysis applies a five-tier framework (below baseline, baseline, minimum, fair, good) based on ten criteria covering policy coordination, social dialogue, skills needs and acquisition, education programmes, financing, and inclusivity. Most countries fall within the baseline or minimum categories, indicating partial but fragmented integration of human capital considerations. These elements are rarely neither cohesive nor systematically embedded in national climate strategies.
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